Reagent: a reagent is a chemical used to produce a reaction generally with one or more precursors. It contributes to only a very small portion of the end product, if any. To produce a given reaction, numerous reagents may be substituted for one another. E.g. HCl. KMnO4, H2SO4.
Solvent: a solvent is a liquid used to solubilize reagents and is used as a carrier during a reaction. It does not react and is not incorporated into the drug’s molecular structure. It is also used to purify the end product. E.g.: acetone solvent for amphetamine; cocaine, heroin, MDMA
Catalyst: a catalyst is a substance that enables a reaction to take place more rapidly. It may increase the yield of the end product without however becoming part of the latter’s composition. Catalysts are generally used in small quantities.
Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS)
Amphetamine-type stimulants are the most abused synthetic drugs manufactured clandestinely. Governments are to give high priority to ATS and consider an Action Plan against Manufacture, Trafficking and Abuse of Amphetamine-type Stimulants and their Precursors. Target date is 2008 for a significant reduction of the manufacturing, trafficking and abuse of ATS.
Judicial Cooperation
Member States to enhance judicial cooperation in extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of proceedings, controlled delivery, illicit traffic by sea and other forms of cooperation and training, by 2003.
Money Laundering
Member States commit to the provisions of the 1988 Convention, concerning the seizure and confiscation of proceeds of drug crimes by 2003.
Drug Demand Reduction
The Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction will be an essential tool to reduce the demand for drugs by 2008.
Elimination of Illicit Crops and Alternative Development
National drug crop elimination strategies should include comprehensive measures, such as alternative development programmes, law enforcement and eradication, the creation of a supportive environment through innovative programmes.
Saturday, March 3, 2007
Friday, March 2, 2007
drug precursors by sharada avadhanam
Drugs precursors and control
Sharada avadhanam
DD[FS]I/C
APPA
INDEX
Sl no Name Page no
1 INTRODUCTION 3-9
2 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS 10-15
3 ROLE OF COMPETENT NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND OTHERS
16-21
4 PRECURSORS OF CONCERN IN SOUTH ASIA 22-23
5 OVERVIEW OF PRECURSOR CONTROL IN INDIA 24-25
6 DIVERSION AND PREVENTION 26-38
7 CONTROLLED DELIVERY 39-42
8 ILLEGAL LAB 43-49
9 SAMPLING 50-52
10 PRECURSOR LAWS 53-63
ANNEXURES 64-66
____________________________________________
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
The UN convention: 1988
The six main themes are:
Precursor Chemicals
The term "precursor" is listed in Table I or Table II of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988.
To prevent diversion of precursor chemicals countries have agreed to monitor domestic and international movements of certain chemicals. The General Assembly Special Session strengthens the control of precursor chemicals and sets 2008 as the target date for a significant reduction of the diversion of precursors.
Definitions:
Precursor: is a material that is specific and critical to the production of a finished chemical. It is incorporated into the drug [ end product] molecule itself and it contributes to a major portion of the final molecular structure of the drug. The term immediate precursor is usually applied to precursors which are only one reaction step away from the end product. Ephedrine is precursor to methamphetamine.
Essential chemical: an essential chemical that takes part in a reaction and contributes to a minor portion of the end product’s molecule. It is a very widely used as a reagent solvent or catalyst for chemical reactions. Certain essential chemicals may also be used as precursors. Acetic anhydride is a reagent for cocaine synthesis and a precursor for heroin, meth and methaqualone.
Reagent: a reagent is a chemical used to produce a reaction generally with one or more precursors. It contributes to only a very small portion of the end product, if any. To produce a given reaction, numerous reagents may be substituted for one another. E.g. HCl. KMnO4, H2SO4.
Solvent: a solvent is a liquid used to solubilize reagents and is used as a carrier during a reaction. It does not react and is not incorporated into the drug’s molecular structure. It is also used to purify the end product. E.g.: acetone solvent for amphetamine; cocaine
Sharada avadhanam
DD[FS]I/C
APPA
INDEX
Sl no Name Page no
1 INTRODUCTION 3-9
2 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS 10-15
3 ROLE OF COMPETENT NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND OTHERS
16-21
4 PRECURSORS OF CONCERN IN SOUTH ASIA 22-23
5 OVERVIEW OF PRECURSOR CONTROL IN INDIA 24-25
6 DIVERSION AND PREVENTION 26-38
7 CONTROLLED DELIVERY 39-42
8 ILLEGAL LAB 43-49
9 SAMPLING 50-52
10 PRECURSOR LAWS 53-63
ANNEXURES 64-66
____________________________________________
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
The UN convention: 1988
The six main themes are:
Precursor Chemicals
The term "precursor" is listed in Table I or Table II of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988.
To prevent diversion of precursor chemicals countries have agreed to monitor domestic and international movements of certain chemicals. The General Assembly Special Session strengthens the control of precursor chemicals and sets 2008 as the target date for a significant reduction of the diversion of precursors.
Definitions:
Precursor: is a material that is specific and critical to the production of a finished chemical. It is incorporated into the drug [ end product] molecule itself and it contributes to a major portion of the final molecular structure of the drug. The term immediate precursor is usually applied to precursors which are only one reaction step away from the end product. Ephedrine is precursor to methamphetamine.
Essential chemical: an essential chemical that takes part in a reaction and contributes to a minor portion of the end product’s molecule. It is a very widely used as a reagent solvent or catalyst for chemical reactions. Certain essential chemicals may also be used as precursors. Acetic anhydride is a reagent for cocaine synthesis and a precursor for heroin, meth and methaqualone.
Reagent: a reagent is a chemical used to produce a reaction generally with one or more precursors. It contributes to only a very small portion of the end product, if any. To produce a given reaction, numerous reagents may be substituted for one another. E.g. HCl. KMnO4, H2SO4.
Solvent: a solvent is a liquid used to solubilize reagents and is used as a carrier during a reaction. It does not react and is not incorporated into the drug’s molecular structure. It is also used to purify the end product. E.g.: acetone solvent for amphetamine; cocaine
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